**Fourier Contour Embedding** is a text instance representation that allows networks to learn diverse text geometry variances. Most of existing methods model text instances in image spatial domain via masks or contour point sequences in the Cartesian or the polar coordinate system. However, the mask representation might lead to expensive post-processing, while the point sequence one may have limited capability to model texts with highly-curved shapes. This motivates modeling text instances in the Fourier domain.

**Efficient Channel Attention** is an architectural unit based on [squeeze-and-excitation](https://paperswithcode.com/method/squeeze-and-excitation-block) blocks that reduces model complexity without dimensionality reduction. It was proposed as part of the [ECA-Net](https://paperswithcode.com/method/eca-net) CNN architecture. 

After channel-wise [global average pooling](https://paperswithcode.com/method/global-average-pooling) without dimensionality reduction, the ECA captures local cross-channel interaction by considering every channel and its $k$ neighbors. The ECA can be efficiently implemented by fast $1D$ [convolution](https://paperswithcode.com/method/convolution) of size $k$, where kernel size $k$ represents the coverage of local cross-channel interaction, i.e., how many neighbors participate in attention prediction of one channel.

Efficient Channel Attention

ECA-Net: Efficient Channel Attention for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Fourier Contour Embedding

Fourier Contour Embedding for Arbitrary-Shaped Text Detection

**Mixture of Softmaxes** performs $K$ different softmaxes and mixes them. The motivation is that the traditional [softmax](https://paperswithcode.com/method/softmax) suffers from a softmax bottleneck, i.e. the expressiveness of the conditional probability we can model is constrained by the combination of a dot product and the softmax. By using a mixture of softmaxes, we can model the conditional probability more expressively.

Source	Fourier Contour Embedding for Arbitrary-Shaped Text Detection
Year	2000
Data Source	CC BY-SA - https://paperswithcode.com